Atividade preemptiva da infiltração da incisão com ropivacaína a 0,75%, em pacientes submetidos à herniorrafia inguinal / Preemptive activity of incision infiltration with 0.75% ropivacaine in patients submitted to inguinal hernia repair

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A eficiência da analgesia preemptiva em relação ao regime convencional no controle da dor pós-operatória continua a ser controversa. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da infiltração local com ropivacaína a 0,75% antes e depois da incisão em operações de herniorrafia inguinal na intensidade da dor pós-operatória, no consumo de analgésicos e no tempo para solicitação da primeira dose de analgésico.MÉTODO: Após a aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa Institucional, 60 pacientes, estado físico P1 ou P2, com idade entre 15 e 65 anos, submetidos à herniorrafia inguinal sob anestesia geral com isoflurano e fentanil foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em três grupos: A - infiltração da pele, subcutâneo e tecido muscular antes da incisão com 2 mg/kg de ropivacaína a 0,75%; D - infiltração da pele, subcutâneo e tecido muscular após incisão com 2 mg/kg de ropivacaína a 0,75%; e o C - grupo controle - sem infiltração. Todos os pacientes receberam dipirona (2 g), 30 minutos antes do final da anestesia. Uma bomba de analgesia controlada pelo paciente com morfina foi usada depois da recuperação da anestesia. Foram avaliados durante 24 horas a intensidade da dor com a escala analógica visual, o consumo total de morfina e o tempo para a solicitação da primeira dose de morfina. RESULTADOS: O consumo de morfina foi significativamente menor no grupo A (1,5 mg) quando comparado ao grupo D de (5,5 mg) ou controle (17 mg). O tempo para a solicitação da primeira dose de morfina foi significativamente maior para o grupo A assim como a intensidade da dor em todos os momentos quando comparado ao grupo C e nas últimas 18 h comparado ao grupo.CONCLUSÃO: A infiltração pré-operatória da incisão com ropivacaína reduz significativamente a intensidade da dor e o consumo de morfina pós-operatória e retarda o tempo para a solicitação da primeira dose de morfina.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The effectiveness of preemptive analgesia as compared to the conventional regimen for postoperative pain control is still controversial. This study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of local infiltration with 0.75% ropivacaine before and after the incision of inguinal hernia repair surgeries in postoperative pain intensity, analgesics consumption and time elapsed for first analgesic dose request. METHOD: After the Institutional Research Ethics Committee approval, 60 patients, physical status P1 or P2, aged between 15 and 65 years, submitted to inguinal hernia repair under general anesthesia with isoflurane and fentanyl were randomly distributed in three groups: A - skin, subcutaneous and muscle infiltration before incision with 2 mg/kg of 0.75% ropivacaine; D - skin, subcutaneous and muscle infiltration after incision with 2 mg/kg of 0.75% ropivacaine; and C - control group, without infiltration. All patients received dipirone (2 g), 30 minutes before the end of anesthesia.A patient-controlled analgesia pump with morphine was used after anesthetic recovery. Pain intensity with visual analog scale, total morphine consumption and time for the first morphine dose request were evaluated during 24 hours.RESULTS: Morphine consumption was significantly lower in the A group (1.5 mg) as compared to the D group (5.5 mg) or to the control group (17 mg). Time for first morphine dose request was significantly longer for the A group and pain intensity was lower in all moments as compared to C group and in the last 18 h as compared to the group.CONCLUSION: Preoperative incision infiltration with ropivacaine significantly decreases postoperative pain intensity and morphine consumption and delays the time for first morphine dose request.

Clinical indicators of child development in the capitals of nine Brazilian states: the influence of regional cultural factors

OBJECTIVE: Evaluating the interaction between mother or caregiver and infant through the Clinical Indicators of Risks in Infant Development and investigating whether local and cultural influences during infant development affect these clinical indicators. INTRODUCTION: The Clinical Indicators of Risks in Infant Development was created in order to fully assess infants' development and the subjective relationship between the babies and their caregivers. The absence of two or more Clinical Indicators of Risks in Infant Developments suggests a possibly inadequate mental development. Given the continental size of Brazil and its accentuated cultural differences, one might question how trustworthy these indicators can be when applied to each of the geographical regions of the country. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study with 737 infants from the capitals of 9 Brazilian states. The size of the initial sample population was based on a pilot study carried out in the cities of São Paulo and Brasília. The ages of children were grouped: 0-3 months, 4-7 months, 8-11 months and 12-18 months. The chi-square test was used together with analyses by the statistical software SPSS 13.0. RESULTS: Statistical analysis of results from the different municipalities against the total sample did not reveal any statistically significant differences. Municipalities represented were Belém (p=0.486), Brasília (p=0.371), Porto Alegre (p=0.987), Fortaleza (p=0.259), Recife (p=0.630), Salvador (0.370), São Paulo (p=0.238), Curitiba (p=0.870), and Rio de Janeiro (p= 0.06). DISCUSSION: Care for mental development should be considered a public health issue. Its evaluation and follow-up should be part of the already available mother-child assistance programs, which would then be considered to provide "full" care to children. CONCLUSIONS: Local habits and culture did not affect the results of the Clinical Indicators of Risks in Infant Development indicators. Clinical...